In May 2004 Manmohan Singh became India’s Prime Minister. When a person becomes the Prime Minister of a country, it is natural for the papers to print pictures of his immediate family.
When I saw the pictures of Surjit Singh Kohli and Kuku Kohli, brother and father of the PM, respectively, I wondered that the PM’s surname too was Kohli (caste Khatri or Kshatriyas) but for some reason he had decided to omit it. People called him India’s first Sikh Prime Minister and this confused me even more because neither did my next-door neighbor Vikas Kohli sport a turban nor was he called a Sikh.
When I asked my 74-year-old Punjabi mother about this contradiction she told me that there was a tradition in Punjab where the first son was made a Sikh and dedicated to the Army. My next question to her was why did the Punjabis dedicate their first born son to the Army? She did not have an answer so did my own research and here is what I discovered -
The article was written in July 2004 and edited in April 2017.
After referring to four books I came to the following conclusion. Am willing to stand corrected and would be keen to know a different point of view.
According to volume 7 of the History & Culture of Indian People published by the Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan - "Disciples of Nanak called themselves Sikhs; derived from the Sanskrit word sishya, meaning a learner or a person who takes spiritual lessons from a teacher. The public called them Nanak Panthis or Sikhs. Panth literally means path or way and it has been traditionally used to designate the followers of a particular teacher or of a distinctive range of doctrines”.
"Singh means devotee". However, today Singh has come to mean Lion and is associated with fighting classes throughout North India esp. in modern day Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.
Having experienced the strength of Sikh opposition during the Anglo-Sikh wars and grateful for the assistance received from Sikh princes during the Mutiny of 1857, the British realized that Sikhs would be an effective buffer between Afghanistan and India.
Therefore, the British reduced the number of Bengali soldiers (many of whom were involved in the 1857 Mutiny) and replaced them with loyal Sikhs and Punjabi Muslims. It however, insisted that only Kesadhari Sikhs could join the army i.e. those who sported the five k's. The enlistment of Sikhs increased steeply. Since it was mainly Jat Sikhs who sported the five k's then, they were the biggest beneficiaries since soldiers were well paid, given agricultural land and pension.
Veena Talwar, author of Dowry Murder, the Imperial Origins of a Culture Crime wrote, “To prevent the kind of mutiny they had experienced from sepoys in 1857, the British organized religiously segregated regimental units from the alleged 'martial races', Sikhs, Pathans, Rajputs and Gurkhas. This severely restricted Hindus of other castes who wanted to join the army, particularly Khatris, who had served in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's forces. It is important to mention that Hindus, particularly Khatris, who were acknowledged as Kshatriyas but were arbitrarily limped together with the 'trading castes' in the British census reports (since large number of them were educated and engaged in trade), were seldom accepted into the British military service. The Khatris, who had also been landholders, acquired further acreage till the Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900 forbade them to do so as a 'non-agricultural' tribe. Many families got around this artificially imposed caste barrier by raising one or more son as a Sikh, chiefly by having them adopt the name Singh and grow hair/beard to match."
The children of such Sikhs became Sikhs and so. Till a couple of generations ago, the same family had two brothers, one Hindu and another Sikh.
W. H. Mcleod wrote in his book Who is a Sikh, "Appreciative of the strength of opposition encountered during the Anglo-Sikh wars and as a result of the assistance which they received from the Sikh princes during the Mutiny, Sikhs were easily accommodated within the British theory of the martial races of India and Sikh enlistment increased steeply. For the British, martial Sikhs meant Khalsa Sikhs, and all those who were inducted into the Indian Army as Sikhs were required to maintain the external insignia of the Khalsa".
“The British enforced rigid occupational boundaries by creating ‘traditional agriculturists’, ‘martial races’ and ‘trading castes’. They could not trust the educated Khatri to be as obedient a soldier as the Jat, and certainly missed the rationale for the many male children being produced in these families.”12 Note that Ranjit Singh's commander-in-chief who led the victory of Attock in 1813, Dewan Mohkam Chandand all Sikh Gurus were Khatris.
However, not all male Hindu children who were made Sikhs joined the army. When a Hindu couple did not have a son or their progeny did not survive, they made a Sukhna - a sort of benedictory prayer that the first child would be made a Sikh. This custom was alive and being followed even into the twentieth century. Sometimes, the Sants of Sikh sub sects like Udasis and Nirmalas would ask that a son be dedicated to the Sikh cause, if the number of issues in a family were many.
This explains why the British wooed Jat Sikhs, gave them predominance in the army, the rivalry between them and the Khatris and why Hindus (mainly Khatris) made the first son a Sikh.
Further in order to safeguard their geo-political interests the British took various decisions that divided Punjab into Hindu and Sikh. Please read How the British divided Punjab into Hindu and Sikh - link at end of this article.
The maximum number of followers of Khalsa were Jats who as we know are tall, sturdy and big built people. (Jats are found in modern day Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh). Because of reasons listed in the preceding paras other castes like Khatris made their first son a Sikh. Sometime around 1985 I remember my Delhi cousins telling me of the problem this created for the families of two elderly cousin brothers one of whom was a Hindu and another a Sikh. This happened because one of their forefathers wanted to avail of the economic benefits offered by the British to the followers of Khalsa and had decided to become a Sikh.
Impact on Names
Today anybody with a turban has Singh as his middle name or last name. Two people with the same surnames could be Hindu & Sikh. Let me explain.
My first boss Sukhwinder Chadha had a turban. We worked together in Rajpura, Punjab. Due to the resurgence of Khalsa in the 1980's his name in inter office memos would appear as Sukhwinder Singh Chadha to show he was a Sikh. However, he signed cheques as Sukhwinder Chadha as that was the name on his birth certificate.
Conversely there is another Chadha, a school friend Vineet Chadha who is considered to be a Hindu as he sports no turban. Non-Jat Punjabis with turban, like Khatris etc invariably put Singh as their middle or surname to prove they are Sikhs. Here is another example.
A girl I was looking to marry had the surname Batra. Once she went to her father’s place and used her Dad’s email id whose name was J Singh (he had retired from the Indian Air Force). I was confused and asked whether she was a Batra or a Singh (not that I had a problem with either). She could not explain why father and daughter had different surnames. Since her father sported a turban he was considered a Sikh but what about her?
Impact in Indian Armed Forces by Sandy
“I cannot help but give an input on the Sikhs. This is based on my interaction with the armed forces for the past 21 years. I joined NDA at the age of 18. Before I joined, I used to think that Sikhs were one community without any caste divisions but I was wrong.
After joining the services I realized that Sikhs were more divided on caste lines than Hindus. The Jat Sikhs consider themselves to be superior than others. The Sikhs who have surnames common with Hindus e.g. Chawla, Arora, Kohli etc. are called Bhapaa Sikhs or the trading (read Baniya) Sikhs and are considered inferior as compared to Jat Sikhs who are basically land owners and farmers.
Another caste of Sikhs is considered even lower than Bhapaa Sikhs. They are scheduled caste Sikhs called Majhabi. Their parental/ancestral occupation was of sweepers/garbage lifters. The British encouraged this by having the Infantry units segregated on caste lines. When one says he is from the Sikh regiment, it means he is a Jat Sikh.
However, when a Sikh soldier belongs to Sikh LI (Sikh light infantry), he is a "Majhabi" Sikh. A Jat Sikh would rather be dead than join the Sikh LI unit. You will hardly find any Jat Sikh officers in Sikh LI regiment. Only Hindu officers would be heading Sikh LI units. That is why the non Jat Sikhs rarely reveal their surnames for the fear of being ostracized / ridiculed in the Sikh community. They always suffix their first names with 'Singh'.
People of the Khatri or Arora caste need to prove they are Sikhs, a Jat is under no such compulsion. A Jat Sikh has Singh as part of his name e.g. super cop K. P. S. Gill. Note that the S stands for Singh but is silent.
To retain effective control over Punjab, the British accentuated the wedge between land-owning Jats and non-agriculturists. The Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900 “enabled the government to retain its inflexible revenue policies and continue to blame peasant proprietors’ misfortunes on Hindu moneylenders. It was done to pacify the land owning classes and deflect a rebellion, and to aggravate and exploit any tension that existed between Hindus and Muslims to keep their political grip on Punjab."
"This piece of legislation created a favoured, ‘dominant’ agriculturalist class at the expense of other social groups. Here the ‘agriculturists’ were Muslim tribes and Sikh and Hindu Jat zamindars, and the ‘non-agriculturists’ were Hindu Brahmins, Khatris and Banias. The Act made tribe and caste the basis of land ownership.” The British played up differences between Hindus and Muslims and sought to make Muslim and Sikh Jats loyal subjects, thus safeguarding their own position in Punjab.
Peasant discontent was converted into fresh and deep religious antagonisms that smoldered dangerously in 1907 and eventually resulted into the flames that ravaged Punjab in 1947.
The above explains why the first son was made a Sikh and how divisions in society were created to secure British rule.
I believe the British deliberately did this to drive a wedge between Hindus and Sikhs using modern day connotations. The famous ‘Divide & Rule’ policy.
Also read:
1. How the British divided Punjab into Hindu and Sikh
2. How the British sowed the seeds for the Khalistan Movement before Indians took over
3. History of Sikhs
4. How the British created the Dowry System in Punjab